Analysis Of The Movie The Battle Algiers - 1212 Words

The four films that we have watched are all centered around the theme that Africa has more than just a â€Å"single story†. Africa is full of diverse people from all kinds of backgrounds. While the Battle of Algiers, Sembene!, Welcome to Nollywood, and Timbuktu have shown many different stories, they have just barely scratched the surface of the millions of â€Å"single stories† that can be found in Africa. The Battle Algiers tells the story of the French and the Algerian National Liberation Front during the Algerian Revolution. It covers both sides of the Revolution that eventually began the movement against the French Colonial rule in Algeria. Sembene! tells of the life of Ousmane Sembene and his journey from ordinary man to â€Å"father of the African cinema†. This film talks about some of the different films he has made and why he continues to make films. Welcome to Nollywood follows three of the directors in the Nigerian film industry and talks about not on ly the film industry as a whole but of the effect it has on west Africa. Timbuktu tells the story of many different people all effected by the Jihadists in some way. The Battle of Algiers and Timbuktu tell actual historical stories while Sembene! And Welcome to Nollywood are documentaries that talk about specific directors and the stories they aim to tell. These films all speak to each other in numerous ways. I will be focusing on Sembene! and Welcome to Nollywood because they are both documentaries that tell the stories ofShow MoreRelatedThe Psychoanalysts of Violence Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesThe film â€Å"Battle for Algiers† can be analyzed thoroughly through Frantz Fanon’s and Hannah Arendt’s polar opposite theories on violence. The implication of both theories is represented in the film that has captured the understanding of both insightful phenomena. Fanon’s views on violence are it unifies individuals into forming a complex unit organism tha t works together, rinses, in addition it is presented as an effective and productive mean that support the process of decolonization. In contractRead MoreThe Battle Of Algiers ( A Reenactment Of Algeria s Fight For Independence1328 Words   |  6 Pagesopen to interpretation and analysis. If the piece of art is significant, it will be thought or emotion provoking and uncensored. It is not the role of art take cautious steps in an attempt to leave its audience unoffended, but rather to embrace diversity of thought and creativity to portray untainted ideas. Filmmaking—being a form of art—follows the same guidelines and thus shapes society through its objectionable and often jarring subject matter. The Battle of Algiers (a reenactment of Algeria’sRead MoreThe Battle of Algiers: Critical Analysis2185 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Critical Analysis Introduction In the film, there are many different aspects to the plot. This is because the filmmaker is focused on conveying a number of ideas and themes to the audience. When this happens, they have a greater understanding and appreciation for contrasting views. In the movie, the Battle of Algiers, there is a variety of topics that are discussed. To fully understand what is happening, there will be a focus on the storytelling, acting, cinematography, editing, sound, styleRead More Terrorism Essay1933 Words   |  8 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After watching both Battle of Algiers and Bloody Sunday I have come to have a better understanding of the motivations behind these two very important revolutions. It is important to understand why the FLN and IRA decided to engage in â€Å"terrorist† activities, because analysis of the motivations behind their actions will allow us to see how â€Å"terrorists† are labeled and who is labeling them. The ways in which these groups are labeled and characterized has a large impact

Australia Is A Romantic Action Adventure - 1296 Words

‘National Cinema’ is often used to describe simply the films produced within a particular nation state’. (Higson, 2015) Nations have distinctive stylistic devices, often featuring stereotypical settings and characters in the attempt to represent the essence of the nation’s culture. This is apparent when comparing the Australian drama, Australia (2008) with A Separation (2011), an Iranian drama. Both films reflect through a set of norms, behaviours, beliefs and customs their nations culture, demonstrating that films are not made in a vacuum. (Smith, 2015) Australia is a romantic action-adventure, directed by Baz Luhrmann, set in Australia prior to World War II. The plot centres on an English aristocrat who inherits a large cattle farm.†¦show more content†¦However, when he discovers the new maid has been lying to him, he realizes that there is more at stake than his failing marriage. (iTunes, 2011) In relation to national cinema, the combinations of social and cultural factors strongly influence the setting of a film. Australia references the old Australian language and traditional Aboriginal terminology including herd, mouthorgan, rush, station, willy willy, whitefellas, billabong and more (Park, 2011), Australians have an inherent understanding of this language however an international audience would not be familiar with it. The very nature of the language makes Australia identifiable to the country in which it was created. The portrayal of character is also a depiction of the film’s national origin. In Australia, ‘the drover’, is not only the character’s name but also a colloquial term that refers to â€Å"an experienced stockman, who moves livestock, usually sheep or cattle over long distances.†(New South Whales State Library, 2013) Australia both identifies the visual appeal of the landscape traditions (Khoo, Smaill and Yue) and harsh reality of the Australian bush. Breaking the romanticized illusion of the land. One example of this is when Lady Ashley is first travelling to ‘Faraway Dawns’. She notices a mob of kangaroos jumping past her vehicle, she comments on their elegance and how she has never seen one before. Suddenly, out of

Disasters Free Essays

Chapter 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction: Catastrophes are a merchandise of human and natural elements that cause utmost events to ensue in catastrophes because human existences are populating in injury ‘s manner. The magnitude of loss from a catastrophe is besides dependent on both human and natural elements ( Blaikie et al. , 1994, Wisner et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Disasters or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2004 ) . The huge research has been carried out in attack to disaster direction. Trim, P. R. J ( 2004 ) states although it is possible to forestall and incorporate both semisynthetic and natural catastrophes, it has to be said that the addition in the universe ‘s population is likely to increase farther the frequence of a major catastrophe happening. Disaster direction and planning demands to be placed in a holistic scene, and new enterprises found in order to guarantee that a catastrophe is viewed as a shared duty. † A reappraisal of the literature provides the model for understanding the function of built environment professionals in environmental jeopardies, and illustrates how the reinforced constructions and professional attitude intensify exposure to geophysical procedures. Definition of Catastrophe: A catastrophe is defined by the Asiatic Disaster Reduction Center ( 2003 cited Shaluf, I.M. 2007 ) as: â€Å" A serious break of the operation of society, doing widespread homo, stuff or environmental losingss which exceed the ability of affected society to get by utilizing merely its ain resources. † In order to understand the construct of catastrophe and the catastrophe direction paradigm, it is important to grok what are the basic constructs of catastrophe and its direction. There are assorted definitions of catastrophes given by experts in the catastrophe direction field. Harmonizing to Hewitt ( 1983, p.4 ) , term catastrophe is â€Å" The potency for harm that exists merely in the presence of a vulnerable human community. † But, United Nations Disaster Relief Organisation ( UNDRO ) ( 1987, p.1 ) defined catastrophe as, an encroachment on society to the extent that a community undergoes terrible danger and incurs such losingss to its members and physical gears that the societal construction is disrupted and the fulfilment of all or some of the indispensable maps of the society is prevented. The National Disaster Management Act 2005, of India defines catastrophe as â€Å" a calamity, bad luck, catastrophe or sculpt happening impacting any country, originating from natural or manmade causes, or by accident or carelessness which consequences in significant loss of life or human agony or harm to, and devastation of, belongings, or harm to, or debasement of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as beyond the get bying capacity of the community of the affected country. † ( cited Panigrahi, A.K. 2009 ) .The United Nations ( UNDRO 1987 cited Hanisch 1996, p.22 ) define catastrophes in the undermentioned manner: â€Å" A catastrophe is an event that is concentrated in infinite and clip and that subject a society to severe danger and such serious losingss of human life or such major stuff harm that the local societal construction interruptions down and the society is unable to execute any or some of its cardinal maps. † ( cited Panigrahi, A.K. 2009 ) . The CRED ( 2009 cited Panigrahi, A.K. 2009 ) in Brussels, Belgium, defines catastrophe as a state of affairs or event which overwhelms local capacity, asking a petition to a national or international degree for external aid whereas The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) explains catastrophe as ‘any happening that causes harm, economic devastation, loss of human life and impairment in wellness and wellness services on a scale sufficient to justify an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or country ‘ . Hazard and Risk: Renee Pearce ( 2000 ) states that jeopardy are the possible for a catastrophe. For case a meteor were to fall on a bare country ; even if it killed no 1 and destroyed no belongings, and left minimal harm to the environment, it would be considered a possible jeopardy. Natural jeopardies are natural events that threaten lives, belongings, and other assets. Often, natural jeopardies can be predicted. They tend to happen repeatedly in the same geographical locations because they are related to endure forms or physical features of an country. Haddow, G. D, and Bullock, J. A ( 2003 ) , pointed out that natural jeopardies are those jeopardies that exist in the natural environment and present a menace to human populations and communities. Harmonizing to Smith ( 1996, p.5 ) , Risk is sometimes taken as synonymous with jeopardy but hazard has the extra deduction of the opportunity of a peculiar jeopardy really happening. Smith farther explains that jeopardy is a of course happening procedure with the possible to make loss ; and hazard as an existent exposure of human value to guess which farther regarded as a combination of chance and loss. In short jeopardy is the possible menace to the society and the hazard is the chance of peculiar jeopardy happening. â€Å" When big Numberss of people exposed to jeopardies are killed, injured or damaged in some manner, the event is termed as a catastrophe † ( Smith, 1996 ) . Major Natural Disasters in India: India is vulnerable in changing grades to a big figure of natural every bit good as semisynthetic disasters-58.6 per cent of the land mass is prone to temblors of moderate to really high strength ; over 40 million hectares ( 12 per cent of land ) is prone to inundations and river eroding ; of the 7,516 kilometers long coastline, near to 5,700 kilometer is prone to cyclones and tsunamis ; 68 per cent of the arable country is vulnerable to drought and hilly countries are at hazard from landslides and avalanches. Further, the exposure to Nuclear, Biological and Chemical ( NBC ) catastrophes and terrorist act has besides increased manifold ( GOI-NDMA, 2007 ) . Kishore ( 2003 ) pointed out that Asia and the Pacific are among the most disaster-prone parts in the universe. Every twelvemonth catastrophes of all sorts cause immense loss of life and belongings in the Indian part, doing terrible reverses to the development procedure. The part histories for merely 30 per centum of the universe à ¢â‚¬Ëœs land mass but suffers disproportionately higher catastrophe impacts. Menon, V. C. , and Kavad, S. ( 2009 ) notes the catastrophes like drouths, inundations, temblors, and cyclones devastate the state with inexorable regularity twelvemonth after twelvemonth. They are gyrating out of control, increasing in frequence, doing more and more hurt, disablement, disease, and decease, adding to the wellness, economic and societal load of an already destitute state. The cost of natural catastrophes in India, in footings of human life, loss of belongings and assets and loss of shelter and supports, is immense.Menon, V. C. , and Kavad, S. ( 2009 ) discusses the dismaying statistics below: Of the 35 provinces and brotherhood districts, 22 are disaster-prone. Between 1988 and 1997, catastrophes claimed 5,116 lives and affected a colossal 24.79 million people every twelvemonth. In 1998, 9,846 people died and 34.11 million were affected by catastrophes. In the Orissa super cyclone of 1999, over 10,000 people were killed and 1000s left homeless. In January 2001, over 16,000 lives were lost in the temblor that struck Kutch and other countries in the province of Gujarat. Thousands are still stateless. Thousands more have lost their unstable agencies of support. In the December 2004 tsunami, about 11,000 people lost their lives, with about 650,000 displaced. The Jammu and Kashmir temblor in October 2005 claimed 1,400 lives and left 1,50,000 people homeless in India. The August 2008 Bihar inundations, the most annihilating one in the history of the province took over 2000 lives and affected over 2.3 million people in the northern portion of Bihar. Table-1.1: Statisticss of loss and harm due to past catastrophes in India. ( Beginning: Menon, V. C. , and Kavad, S. 2009 ) Kishore ( 2003 ) highlighted that the types of catastrophes to happen in Asia and the Pacific in the period 1988-1997 were: geological jeopardies such as temblors, landslides, and volcanic eruptions ; hydro-metrological jeopardies such as inundations, cyclones and drouths ; and other jeopardies such as epidemics, insect infestations, heat moving ridges and cold moving ridges, and forest fires. Catastrophe hazards in India are farther compounded by increasing exposures. These include the overgrowing population, the huge disparities in income, rapid urbanisation, increasing industrialisation, development within bad zones, environmental debasement, clime alteration, etc. Clearly, all these point to a hereafter where catastrophes earnestly threaten India ‘s population, national security, economic system and its sustainable development ( GOI-NDMA, 2007 ) . Types of Natural Disasters and its impact: Natural catastrophes have great impact on the communities and consequences in great loss of lives and immense harm to construct environment. The types of natural catastrophes which often occur in India are briefly classified as: Earthquake ; Tsunami ; Cyclones ; Floods ; Droughts ; and Landslides. Earthquake: Earthquake is caused by disconnected supplanting along a zone of pre bing failing of the Earth crust, called a mistake. Seismic moving ridges are produced due to sudden supplanting of the Earth crust which finally consequences in the motion of earth surface. Motions are preceded by the slow physique up of tectonic strain which so deforms the crustal stone formation and creates stored elastic energy. The break occurs when the imposed emphasiss exceed the strength of the mistake. This sudden failure releases the stored energy bring forthing seismal moving ridges radiating outwards in widening domains around the mistake. The supplanting of the stone may be perpendicular, horizontal or in both waies, which is frequently seeable in the signifier of little mistake scarps. â€Å" The point of rupture, known as the hypocentre, can happen anyplace between the Earth ‘s surface and a deepness of 700 kilometer. Shallow focal point temblors ( lt ; 40 kilometer below the surface ) are the most detrimental events, accounting for about three- quarters of the planetary seismal energy release † ( Smith, 1996 ) . Epicenter is the beginning point for the temblor measuring, which lies on the Earth surface above the hypocentre. The Earth crust consists of seven major geological formations known as tectonic home bases. These home bases are in continued gesture, which includes grinding, skiding, clashing or stealing under each other. This gesture easy produces emphasis, which accumulates inside the Earth surface. â€Å" The chief environmental jeopardy created by seismal Earth motion is ground agitating † ( Bolt, 1988 ) . Magnitude of temblor is measured on the Richter graduated table which was invented by Charles Richter. These graduated tables analyse the entire energy of the seismal moving ridges radiating outwards from the point of temblor as recorded by the strength of the land gesture amplitude on seismographs, at a normal distance of 100 kilometer from the location of beginning. Harmonizing to Smith 1996, hazard impact can non be predicted accurately from the energy release and magnitude of temblor as the continuance of land shaking is non considered in the magnitude construct. In fact many other lending factors like dirt A ; rock status ; distance from the epicenter to the harm country ; population denseness ; and nature of edifice building are responsible for temblor losingss. Impacts of temblors: About 50-60 per cent of entire country of the state is vulnerable to seismal activity of changing strengths. Most of the vulnerable countries are by and large located in Himalayan and sub-Himalayan parts, and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( Sharma, V.K, 2004 ) . Of the legion temblors, those of the Latur-Maharashtra ( 1993 ) , Chamoli-Himalaya ( 1999 ) , Bhuj- Gujrat ( 2001 ) did do extended harm to the life and belongings. The decease and devastation brought about by these temblors was huge. Earthquakes of Magnitude 6+ on the Richter graduated table have frequented India every 2 old ages. The Seismicity of the affected Area of Kutch is a known fact with a high incidence of temblors in recent times and in historical yesteryear. It falls in Seismic Zone V, the lone such zone outside the Himalayan Seismic Belt. In last 200 old ages of import damaging temblors occurred in 1819, 1844, 1845, 1856, 1869,1956 in the same locality as 2001 temblor. Earthquake can do land shaking and rupture Earth ‘s surface. Infrastructure installations like roads, edifices, dikes, houses, Bridgess are damaged due to temblor, which are more vulnerable due to their rigidity. Collapse of construction due to the motion and shaking of land may make an extra danger to the lives of people. Earthquakes are really unsafe non merely due to their badness, but they can besides trip other natural catastrophes such as tsunamis, landslides, avalanches, fires and brassy inundations, ( deluging occurs due to the failure of Dams, canals, etc. ) . Tsunami: Tsunami is a Nipponese word intending ‘The Harbor Wave ‘ . Tsunami is shallow H2O moving ridges that propagate in great velocity reassigning enormous energy from the beginning across oceans towards the land. These moving ridges have great destructive potency, as they increase in tallness while they approach land. Tsunami or seismal sea moving ridge is the most features secondary earthquake-related jeopardy. The word tsunami is a combination of two Nipponese words, â€Å" Tsu † intending Harbour and â€Å" Nami † significance moving ridge. â€Å" This derivation is really appropriate since these moving ridges can deluge low-lying coastal countries † ( Smith, 1996 ) .Main cause for tsunami coevals is earthquakes in the pelagic and coastal country. Earthquakes associated with the motion of pelagic and Continental home bases, and of magnitude normally higher than 7 on Richter graduated table can bring forth tsunami. The Fracture of these Continental Oceanic plates triggers a perpendicular motion or upheaval of sea bed that allows sudden and efficient transportation of energy from the pelagic home bases to the ocean. A rippling like gesture on the surface of the ocean is created by the home base failure ; this rippling gesture so forms the moving ridges with the tallness runin g from three meters to thirty meters. Height of the tsunami waves is really low in the ocean, and has velocity of about 800kph, but as these moving ridges travels towards the land they gain the appreciable tallness. These moving ridges gain height merely when they reach shallower Waterss. These moving ridges arrive towards the land in the series of consecutive ‘crests ‘ ( high H2O degree ) and ‘troughs ‘ ( low H2O degree ) . Impacts of Tsunami: Tsunami can do monolithic devastation in footings of human life loss and detrimental substructure. â€Å" Physical devastation from tsunamis occurs through a assortment of mechanisms. † ( Bernard and Goulet, 1981 ) . After tsunami work stoppages, the floatation and retarding force forces can destruct houses, while flood moving ridges turns out drifting dust, boats, houses, vehicles, braid which can struck with the seaport constructions and doing danger to them. Harmonizing to Asian Development Bank ( 2006 ) , the temblors set off elephantine tsunami moving ridges of 3 to 10 metres in tallness, which hit the southern and eastern coastal countries of India and penetrated inland up to 3 kilometers, doing extended harm in the Union Territory of the Andaman A ; Nicobar Islands, and the coastal territories of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Pondicherry. About 2,260 kilometers of the coastal country besides the Andaman A ; Nicobar Islands were affec ted. Overall harm to assets is estimated at about $ 660 million and productiveness losingss about $ 410 million. Cyclones: The word â€Å" Cyclone † is derived from the Greek, word â€Å" Cyclos † intending the spirals of a serpent. To Henri Peddington, the tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal and in the Arabian Sea appeared like the coiled snakes of the sea and he named these storms as â€Å" Cyclones † . A â€Å" Cyclonic Storm † or a â€Å" Cyclone † is an intense whirl or a commotion in the ambiance with really strong air currents go arounding around it in anti-clockwise way in the Northern Hemisphere and in clockwise way in the Southern Hemisphere. Cyclones are intense low-pressure countries from the Centre of which force per unit area increases outwards. The sum of the force per unit area bead in the Centre and the rate at which it increases outwards gives the strength of the cyclones and the strength of air currents ( GOI- NDMA, 2007 ) . Impact of Cyclones: India has a huge seashore line of 5,700 kilometers, which is often affected by tropical cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea doing heavy loss of human lives and belongings. The coastal belt of peninsular India, particularly the east seashore, experiences frequent cyclones and about 80 per cent of entire cyclones generated in the part hit the seashore. Such cyclones coupled with storm rushs cause loss of lives and inflict terrible harm to a assortment of constructions, houses, commercial edifices, industrial constructions and many life-line installings. Structural Engineering Research Centre ( SERC ) , Madras, has been carry oning post-disaster harm studies on edifices and constructions ravaged by cyclones from clip to clip. The Centre has conducted a harm study of edifices and constructions due to a terrible cyclone, which hit the east seashore of India, near Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh State, South India, during November 1996. The maximal air current velocity of th e cyclone, as reported by the India Meteorological Department, was about 61m/s and it was accompanied by storm rushs of tallness up to 5m. Typical failures observed include complete prostration of roofing system in most of the homes and semi-engineered edifices with thatch, tiles and AC sheets, failure of connexions, failure of gable walls, and progressive prostration of roof steel trusses. Floods: Flood, as defined by the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, is a comparatively high flow or phase in a river, markedly higher than the usual ; it besides includes the flood of low land which may ensue therefrom. A river, inundations when it can no longer incorporate the discharge from its catchment and the bankfull phase is exceeded. The causes of inundations can be understood from two point of views, one being the natural causes of inundations and the other being the semisynthetic causes of inundations. However, it should be borne in head that irrespective of the causes of inundation being natural or semisynthetic, they are affected badly by both natural and semisynthetic factors. Flood effects can be local, impacting a vicinity or community, or really big, impacting full river basins and multiple provinces. However, all inundations are non likewise. Some inundations develop easy, sometimes over a period of yearss. But brassy inundations can develop rapidly, someti mes in merely a few proceedingss and without any seeable marks of rain. Impact of Floods: Floods are the most frequent natural catastrophe that India has to confront about every twelvemonth in changing magnitudes in some or other parts of the state. India is extremely flood prone. Of the sum of 62 major rivers, eighteen are flood prone and run out an country of 150 Mha. Floods are chiefly due to heavy rainfall in association with tropical depressions, depressions, and cyclones. On an mean 60 % of the entire amendss due to inundations in a twelvemonth are in the States of Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Crops in the States of Assam, Bihar, and West Bengal screen about 40 % of the entire country affected. In footings of the pecuniary value of harvest loss, this is 90 % of the entire harm in these States. In Uttar Pradesh, harvest loss is about 55 % of the entire amendss incurred. The maximal harm recorded due to inundations in India was about Rs. 654 crore in 1980, while that in 1965, it was merely of Rs. 11 crore. On the positive side, the floodwaters do conve y about some positive consequence. The alluvial dirt brought by the floodwaters is a great blessing to agribusiness ( cited Panigrahi, A.K. 2009 ) . Droughts: Drought is the individual most of import weather-related natural catastrophe frequently aggravated by human action. Drought is a state of affairs which occurs due to miss of precipitation. Drought creates the lack of the H2O, which affects the people, animate beings, harvests, and flora in the environment. Drought is a slow occurring event ; in fact it gives plentifulness of clip to cut down the impact. Impact of Droughts: In India, thirty three per centum of the country receives less than 750mm rainfall and is inveterate drought-prone, and thirty five per centum of the country with 750-1125mm rainfall is besides capable to drought one time in four to five old ages. Therefore, 68 per centum of the entire seeded country covering about 142 million hectares is vulnerable to drought conditions. India has faced three major drouths in this century- 1904-1905, 1965-66 and 1986-87. The 1987 drouth had a permanent impact on tierce of the state ( cited Rao, D. P. , n.d. ) Landslides Landslide is the motion of earth mass under the action of gravitation in the downward face. It occurs usually in the mountain part and the skiding earth mass can destruct places and injured people. It can be controlled by proper incline stabilization methods. Impacts of Landslides: India provides dramatic illustrations of a bewildering assortment of landslides and other mass motions. There have been legion landslides catastrophes, alone and alone. The Darjeeling inundations of 1968 destroyed huge countries of Sikkim and West Bengal by unleashing legion landslides, killing 1000s of people. Similarly, the Malpa stone avalanche calamity hit headlines as it immediately killed 220 people and wiped out the full small town of Malpa on the right bank of river Kali in the Kumaun Himalaya. Landslides in the southern India besides revived public imaginativeness when the Amboori landslide in the State of Kerala killed 23 people ( cited Bhandari, R.K. 2006 ) Catastrophe direction: Disaster direction is a well-drawn readying for defying a catastrophe, instant reaction to catastrophe and a elaborate program for conveying the state of affairs back to normality. Harmonizing to the Indian National Disaster Management Act 2005, catastrophe direction means a uninterrupted and incorporate procedure of planning, forming, organizing and implementing steps which are necessary or expedient for ( 1 ) bar of danger or menace of any catastrophe ( 2 ) extenuation or decrease of hazard of any catastrophe or its badness or effects ( 3 ) capacity edifice ( 4 ) readiness to cover with any catastrophe ( 5 ) prompt response to any baleful catastrophe state of affairs or catastrophe ( 6 ) measuring badness or magnitude of effects of any catastrophe ( 7 ) emptying deliverance and alleviation and ( 8 ) rehabilitation and Reconstruction ( cited Panigrahi, A.K. 2009 ) . The High Powered Committee ( 2007 ) defined Disaster Management as a corporate term embracing all facets of planning for and reacting to catastrophes, including both pre and station catastrophe activities. It may mention to the direction of both the hazards and effects of catastrophes † ( cited cited Panigrahi, A.K. 2009 ) . Moe, T.L. , A ; Pathranarakul, P. ( 2006 ) place that the term Disaster direction is interchangeably used with a term exigency direction. It involves programs, constructions, and agreements established to prosecute the normal enterprises of authoritiess, voluntary and private bureaus in a comprehensive and co-ordinated manner to react to the whole spectrum of exigency demands. Such activities are carried out in an pressing mode when there is an oncoming of catastrophe happening. The latest definition of catastrophe direction defined by UNISDR ( 2009 ) is â€Å" The systematic procedure of utilizing administrative directives, organisations, and operational accomplishments and capacities to implement schemes, policies and improved header capacities in order to decrease the inauspicious impacts of jeopardies and the possibility of catastrophe † . Further U.N.ISDR explains the term catastrophe direction is an extension of hazard direction to cover the issue of catastrophe hazard. It is about impossible to forestall the happening of natural catastrophes and their amendss. However it is possible to cut down the impact of catastrophes by following suited catastrophe direction schemes. Disaster determination doing takes topographic point before, during, and after a catastrophe work stoppages. The stages of determination devising are normally described as extenuation, readiness, response, and recovery. Mitigation involves long-run actions to forestall or cut down a risky consequence from happening, such as edifice constructions that can defy the force of air currents or temblors. Preparedness anticipates the effects and takes appropriate countermeasures in progress, such as publishing warnings, carrying supplies, or set uping emptying paths. Response includes actions taken during an event and its immediate wake, including deliverance. And recovery brings a community back to life by reconstructing indispensable services and economic verve. Different stages of Disaster Management: Regardless of the type of catastrophe, Disaster direction procedure is divided in 6 stages, which includes the pre-disaster direction and post-disaster direction ; the stages are Response, Recovery, Mitigation, Risk decrease, Prevention and Preparedness. Whereas response and recovery comes under station catastrophe stage after the catastrophe work stoppages, and extenuation, hazard decrease, bar and readiness comes under pre catastrophe stage. Extenuation Mitigation response efforts to accept the hazard of jeopardy and so analyzing it, to cut down the impact and badness, so that when catastrophe occurs it should non make a havoc status. â€Å" The extenuation stage differs from the other stages because it focuses on long-run steps for cut downing or extinguishing hazard † ( Haddow, G. D, and Bullock, J. A. 2003 ) . Mitigate options may be structural or non structural. Structural steps implements technological solutions like, temblor immune construction, building of embankment and inundation walls to command inundations, or building of dike to forestall drouth. Non structural steps include insurance, exigency emptying country etc. Extenuation seems to be really cost effectual stairss in catastrophe direction, as it acts like ‘Prevention is ever better than remedy ‘ . Hazard decrease Basic construct of the hazard decrease stage is to accept the hazard of catastrophe, and fix action program to cut down or if possible to avoid the impact of catastrophe on local community and on environing. Harmonizing to UNISDR ( 2009 ) , hazard decrease is â€Å" the construct and pattern of cut downing catastrophe hazards through systematic attempts to analyze and pull off the insouciant factors of catastrophes, including through reduced exposure to jeopardies, lessened exposure of people and belongings, wise direction of land and the environment, and betterment readiness for inauspicious events † . Prevention It is â€Å" avoiding a catastrophe even at 11th hr † ( UNDP, cited Wattegama, C. 2007 ) . ‘Prevention is better than remedy ‘ , this is a good known phrase we all listening from our childhood. To undertake with any type of catastrophe it is must to cognize the bar attempts need to be taken e.g. , building of dikes to command the inundations and to avoid the drouth ; another illustration is to plan a safe and temblor immune construction to bare a land motions. Readiness: Readiness is the measure before catastrophe work stoppages. In this stage exigency director or determination shaper develops and implements the program to confront the exigency state of affairs. Preparedness consists of activities designed to minimise loss of life and harm, form the impermanent remotion of people of people and belongings from a threatened location, and ease seasonably and effectual deliverance, alleviation and rehabilitation ( Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation Summit, 2002 ) . Preparedness for any catastrophe includes proper communicating program between every voluntary, with needed preparation. Emergency response squads from assorted organisations help to supply necessary deliverance and alleviation operation to affected people. Most of the clip local people or voluntaries are preferred in such squads as they have better cognition of the environing state of affairs. Casualty anticipation is another facet of readiness, in which a anticipation about casualties is d one, so as to supply sufficient resources for a given sort of event. Planner will acquire the exact thought of what precisely need to make at the clip of catastrophe, in short contriver will acquire the thought about what right measure resources need to be utilized at right clip and at right topographic point, to beef up the society from hazard impact. This procedure should be flexible plenty to suit sufficient figure of sick persons. Response It includes mobilisation of exigency services to the catastrophe country every bit early as possible, such as fire combat crew, constabulary, and ambulance etc. Quick response to any catastrophe may salvage figure of lives, from farther deceases and hurts. In response stage basic demands of do-gooder is to be taken attention of. Medicine, nutrient, drinkable H2O, and sanitation system need to be implementing in minimal continuance. As after catastrophe people are frighten and need some moral support, and if they get help at right clip, so it may make a positive consequence on those people. Recovery: Recovery is an built-in portion of the comprehensive exigency direction procedure ( Sullivan, 2003 ) . It refers to all activities that are carried out instantly after the initial response to a catastrophe state of affairs. This will normally widen until the community ‘s capacity for self-help has been restored. In other words, the end-state is when the assisted community reaches a degree of working where it is able to prolong itself in the absence of farther external intercession ( Sullivan, 2003 cited Rotimi, J. O. , 2009 ) . â€Å" The purpose of the recovery stage is to reconstruct the affected country to its old province. It differs from the response stage in its focal point ; recovery attempts are concerned with issues and determinations that must be made after immediate demands are addressed. Recovery attempts are chiefly concerned with actions that involve reconstructing destroyed belongings, re-employment, and the fix of other indispensable substructure † ( Hadd ow, G.D and Bullock, J A. 2004 ) . â€Å" An of import facet of effectual recovery attempts is taking advantage of a ‘window of chance ‘ for the execution of extenuation steps that might otherwise be unpopular † ( Alexander, D. 2002 ) . When a recent catastrophe is in fresh memory, citizens of the affected country are more likely to accept more extenuation steps. Pheng, L. S. et al. , ( 2006 ) clear up that the tremendous sum of attempt needed in the assorted phases of catastrophe direction ; it requires a holistic response from many different Fieldss and varied subjects. For the building industry, these include professionals, practicians, and voluntaries from international establishments, voluntary public assistance organisations ( VWOs ) or non-governmental administrations ( NGOs ) that specialise in edifice, civil technology, architecture, urban planning, and environmental surveies. Role of building sector professionals: It was realized during some past catastrophes in India, viz. Latur Maharashtra Earthquake1993, Orissa Super Cyclone of 1999, and the major temblor in Kutch Gujarat in 2001, that, much of the devastation has been due to the edifices constructed without equal safety steps as specified in Indian Standard Building Codes. National Disaster Management Authority of the Government of India ( n.d. ) is acknowledging the function of designers and applied scientists in catastrophe direction and for throwing the challenge of presenting catastrophe safe buildings with velocity and economic system and develop advanced, cost effectual and appropriate engineerings for beef uping the old and non engineered buildings to guarantee human safety against all types of natural catastrophes. Further it clarifies that â€Å" there is an dissymmetry in the influence of assorted function participants lending to catastrophes and the attempts to better human resources and quality of pattern. It recognizes that the building sector professionals like designers and applied scientists can be effectual leaders to actuate the other function participants to better the quality of design and building pattern. † It is necessary for the local building industry to appreciate the importance of the edifice bringing procedure and its life rhythm from planning, design, building to operation and care. At each phase, a deliberate, planned, strategic, and systematic procedure must be established to better the capacity and capableness of the industry to react efficaciously to catastrophes ( Ofori, 2002 ) . Through integrated attempts by the authorities, corporate and academic establishments, the local building industry can besides better its direction capacity and capableness to fix for a nd extenuate the hazards from tsunamis ( Pheng, L. S. et al. , 2006 ) . Owen, D. and Dumashie, D. , ( 2007 ) buttocks that there are many bureaus who do non cognize who to name for reinforced environment advice when they are called to a catastrophe, and monitoring and rating of Reconstruction attempts is being carried out without professional aid. Sevin and Little ( 1998 cited Haigh, R. et al. , 2006 ) suggest that computerized edifice programs, structural analysis programmes, and damage assessment theoretical accounts may all ease rapid deliverance and recovery of victims in the wake of an event, and that these all require the active engagement of the building professions. They besides suggested that the building professions are in the best place to border the treatment of the cost-benefit trade-offs that occur in the hazard direction procedure, for illustration the demand for hazard turning away against the cost of implementing safety schemes. There is grounds of the ways, Buildin g ( 2005 cited Bosher, L. et al. , 2007 ) revealed, in which building industry professionals helped constabularies and the exigency services after the terrorist onslaughts in London on 7 July 2005 by supplying equipment to help the constabulary with their hunt and deliverance activities. This illustration illustrates one function that building sector professionals can play in reacting to exigency events and high spots chances for building consultancies to specialise in post-event response and rehabilitation activities. ( Bosher, L. et al. , 2007 ) Chhibber and Parker ( 2006 cited Pheng, L. S. et al. , 2006 ) , both from the World Bank ‘s Independent Evaluation Group, noted that it really costs really small, an estimated 10 per cent addition, to do constructions safer. Preventive care of cardinal protective substructure is besides of critical importance for protection against future calamities. The couple opined that bar is more cost-efficient than response, and that hapless building quality is a major ground why so many people lost their lives when catastrophes strike in developing states. This could be caused by slack edifice codifications, weak enforcement of building criterions, and corrupt procurance patterns. Upstream in the building supply concatenation, better land usage planning is of import to guarantee that people are non housed in hazardous countries. In reasoning that edifice stuffs and design are closely related and little alterations can either salvage 1000s of lives or set many more at greater hazards. A survey found that there is a deficiency of counsel ( and a important deficiency of any complementary counsel ) on how to cover with unexpected catastrophe events and how to utilize the information to better the manner edifices and substructure are designed and built to get by with such hazards and dangers ( Bosher et al. , 2007 ) . The single and local nature of the reinforced environment, shaped by context, restricts our ability to use common extenuation and Reconstruction solutions. Catastrophes have the ability to badly interrupt economic growing and impede a individual ‘s ability to emerge from poorness. The protective features of the built environment and the part of the professionals offer an of import agencies by which building industry can cut down the hazard posed by jeopardies, thereby forestalling a catastrophe. Hence there is pressing demand to measure the challenges faced by the building sector professionals in planing catastrophe immune communities. Challenges in Execution: NIDM ( 2009 ) believes that professionals play a critical function in cut downing exposure to catastrophes and their capacity to pull off catastrophe hazards and exigencies require cognition, accomplishments, resources, motive, and attitude at different degrees. It includes preparation, instruction, guidelines and statute law, policy support for actions, and systemic answerability. Most of the critical factors in success of catastrophe hazard direction have been analyzed and evaluated based on the old survey and findings of the research workers. Knowledge and consciousness: Knowledge can be defined as a dynamic human procedure of warranting personal belief toward the â€Å" truth † ( i.e. a justified true belief ) ( Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995 cited Carrillo et al. , 2000 ) . Whereas Hicks et al. , ( 2006 ) defines â€Å" Knowledge † as the combination of information which is aggregation of informations. Harmonizing to Siemieniuch and Sinclair ( 1999 ) ( cited Carrillo et al. , 2000, assorted categorization of cognition include: formal ( expressed ) and tacit ( expertness ) cognition ; foreground and background cognition ; categorizations with regard to the function of cognition for concern relevancy ( e.g. cognition of concern environments ) , or with regard to the functional functions within an organisation ( e.g. cognition for control activities ) . As per Egbu, C. et al. , ( 2003 cited Thanurjan, R. and Seneviratne, L.P. , 2009 ) the cognition beginnings mean the â€Å" reservoirs of cognition † , which a knowledge-worker has to f all back on in carry throughing his/her duties. He classified cognition beginnings into two chief classs i.e. beginnings internal to the administration ( other persons, squad ( s ) , modus operandis, competencies, and depositories ) and beginnings external to the administration ( other persons, communities of Practice, other webs, depositories, and knowledge gate-keepers ) . King ( 2005 cited Thanurjan, R. and Seneviratne, L.D.I.P. 2009 ) defined â€Å" Knowledge Management as the systematic scheme to roll up ; shop ; and recover cognition, and so assist administer the information and cognition to those who need it in a timely mode. † Organizations who are successful in leveraging cognition, usually witness increased efficiencies in operations, higher rates of successful inventions, increased degrees of client service, and an ability to hold foresight on tendencies and forms emerging in the market place ( Desouza and Awazu, 2006 cited Thaurjan, R. and Seneviratne, L.D.I.P. 2009 ) . Thanurjan, R. and Seneviratne, L.D.I. P. , ( 2009 ) observes that since building activities are extremely knowledge-intensive, knowledge direction ( KM ) patterns will promote uninterrupted betterment, distribute best patterns, speedy response to donees, portion valuable tacit cognition, cut down rework, better fight and inventions, and cut down complexnesss in post-dis aster lodging Reconstruction. Banerjee ( 2005 cited Haigh, R. et al. , 2006 ) argues that deficiency of anterior cognition and proper point of mentions have made most of the recovery plans thinking games, finally neglecting without adding appropriate values to the recovery efforts. Further Haigh, R. et al. , ( 2006 ) identifies deficiency of effectual information and cognition airing as one of the major grounds behind the unsatisfactory public presentation degrees of current catastrophe direction patterns. Both consciousness and preventative stairss are needed to forestall immense loss of human life in the hereafter. Harmonizing to Endsley and Garland ( 2000 cited Son, J. et al. , 2007 ) the state of affairs consciousness is a cognitive concept that refers to an consciousness and apprehension of external events in our immediate and near future milieus and is defined as â€Å" perceptual experience of the elements in the environment within a volume of clip and infinite, the comprehension of their significance, and the projection of their position in the hereafter † . Son, J. et al. , ( 2007 ) examine that a cardinal challenge in an effectual catastrophe response operation is to accurately entree bing state of affairs, roll up accurate and relevant informations from catastrophe scene, and analyse it and convey it to the right forces at the right clip. Improved Situation Awareness can hold a critical impact on truth of the determination devising procedure, resource direction, and coordination and response effectivity. Respondents can get information from the environment chiefly through their senses. The degree of acquired consciousness depends on the extent of how much a respondent is able to comprehend the environing environment right ( thoroughness ) . The thoroughness is affected non merely by the respondent ‘s features such as cognition, experience, and preparation but besides by information obtained through direct observation of environment, information systems, and communicating with co-workers. Banerjee, ( 2005 cited Haigh, R. et Al. 2006 ) identifies deficiency of consciousness as a major ground behind the immense loss of life. Government of India ( 2004 ) identifies that in many instances, the Building ordinances do non integrate the BIS codifications. Even where they do, the deficiency of cognition sing seismically safe building among the designers and applied scientists every bit good as deficiency of consciousness sing their exposure among the population led to most of the building in the urban/sub-urban countries being without mention to BIS criterions. Constructing a robust and sound information database: A comprehensive database of the land usage, human ecology, substructure developed at the national, province, and local degrees along with current information on clime, conditions, and semisynthetic constructions is important in planning, warning and appraisal of catastrophes. â€Å" The 26/7 catastrophe in Mumbai has triggered the institute to look beyond the four walls and exercise steps to forestall catastrophes. The institute has realized that today the cognition base of exigency directors has be en experiential. There is a demand to develop a new coevals of exigency directors, which will hold appropriate educational inputs and professional cognition to cover with catastrophes and work towards catastrophe extenuation † ( Disaster Management Cell, 2007 ) . Further Haigh, R. et al. , ( 2006 ) suggests that future research must look to heighten cognition and raise consciousness among practicians and research workers of the linkage between good planning, design, building and operation, and catastrophe bar and resiliency. Attitude: Following the cultural model of organisations under emphasis, it can be argued that the cultural differences between exigency response organisations may forestall a ( N ) holistic attack on exigency direction. In other words, the issues of acquisition, preparation, hierarchy and authorization, communicating and decision-making, secretiveness and incrimination, linguistic communication, and resources may impact the perceptual experiences of organisations sing themselves and towards a coordinated catastrophe direction. Hazards and catastrophes need to be jointly managed while, at the same clip, adequate leeway has to be provided to promote single motive and enterprises. ( Pande, R. K. , 2007 ) Harmonizing to Scarman Centre ( 2001 ) the statement is that the safety civilization of an administration embraces the beliefs and mentalities of its members towards safety. The design and building of a resilient built environment demands an in-depth apprehension of the expertness and cognition on avoiding and extenuating the effects of menaces and jeopardies ( Lorch, 2005 ; Hamelin and Hauke, 2005 ; Bosher et al. , 2006, 2007 ) . Erman, E. ( 2005 ) argues that many bookmans and practising designers think that guaranting the execution of earthquake-resistant designs is chiefly the duty of the structural applied scientist, but in world it is non. In many cases, certain temblor immune design demands are neglected both in architectural instruction and in pattern with the idea that the structural applied scientist can incorporate temblor commissariats in the design subsequently, after the architectural design is completed. Bosher, et al. , ( 2007 ) observed through an exercising that arc hitects/designers were perceived to be the most of import stakeholders from the building sector who should supply a figure of indispensable inputs into catastrophe hazard direction activities. The instruction system in India has provided many chances but most pupils are non interested in prosecuting programmes in life-saving methodological analysiss. Forces involved in the catastrophe extenuation exercising have to pull upon cognition of best patterns and resources available to them. Furthermore, National Society of Professional Engineers ( 2008 ) see that an ethical applied scientist is one who avoids struggles of involvement, does non try to belie their cognition so as to accept occupations outside their country of expertness, acts in the best involvements of society and the environment, fulfills the footings of their contracts or understandings in a thorough and professional mode, and promotes the instruction of immature applied scientists within their field. Education and Training: Often, after a annihilating consequence of catastrophe, the spread between academic cognition and the right application of safer building methods in professional pattern becomes distressingly evident. These catastrophes cause heavy harm to construct environment and it could be because there is still some grade of misinformation or ignorance in the application of safety criterions and edifice codifications. It has been observed in Indian higher technology instruction that, adequate cognition about catastrophes is non provided to pupils particularly during their undergraduate instruction. One of the most of import factors lending to the lay waste toing state of affairs is the deficiency of instruction and preparation of designers and applied scientists in temblor technology rules and designs. In most of the architectural establishments, seismal design is non taught at the undergraduate degree as a compulsory topic. Rarely a class on temblor design is taught at the undergraduate degree even as an elected ( NPCBAERM, 2007 ) . Government of India ( 2004 ) identifies that up till now, temblor technology was non a portion of the undergraduate technology course of study which was the ground for the structural applied scientists non being cognizant of the elements necessary for temblor immune building. It has been observed that even where bye-laws have been amended to integrate the BIS codifications, these are non being implemented. The ground is that the engineers/architects practising in private sector are non trained in the relevant codifications and neither are the appli ed scientists in the regulative organic structures. While these extenuation steps will take attention of the new buildings, the job of insecure bing edifices stock would still stay. Harmonizing to Government of India ( 2004 ) , † the information and preparation on ways to better respond to and extenuate catastrophes to the respondents go a long manner in constructing the capacity and resiliency of the state to cut down and forestall catastrophes. Training is an built-in portion of capacity edifice as trained forces respond much better to different catastrophes and appreciate the demand for preventative steps. The multi-sectoral and multi-hazard bar based attack to disaster direction requires specific professional inputs. Professional preparation in catastrophe direction should be built into the bing pedagogic research and instruction. † David Alexander ( 2003 ) states that the one standard by which a profession is born is the quality and cogency of developing received by its disciples, educational criterions have a critical function to play in assisting the field achieve acknowledgment. Hazard and jeopardy consciousness preparation demands to be integrated consistently into the professional preparation of designers, contrivers, applied scientists, developers, etc. ; and the building sector should encompass and pre-empt regulative alterations sing resilient building demands. Arnold, C. ( 1992 ) argues forcibly that â€Å" If we are to forestall new catastrophes, the profession shall hold to amend its patterns. From the start of professional developing a pupil must be made witting of the demand to see construction as an built-in portion of the undertaking and non as some nuisance that the structural interior decorator adds to the architectural undertaking†¦ they must non be viewed as mere additions † . Erm an, E. ( 2005 ) discovers that unluckily, practising designers are non required to be qualified in earthquake-resistant codifications which consequences in a serious lack in designers ‘ cognition about earthquake-resistant design. Seismic design instruction should non be left to be absorbed during the accretion of post-graduation experience, nor regarded strictly as the state of the technology profession ( Charleson, A. W. , 1997 ) . The research activities are being coordinated by different ministries depending on the type and degree of research. An of import function is played by the Universities excessively in this sector who, besides running programmes on catastrophe direction, besides serve as think armored combat vehicles for the authorities ( cited Sharma, V.K. , 2004 ) . India needs a strain of experts and specializers on all the diverse facets of catastrophe extenuation and direction for which adequate infinite is to be found in our universities and higher institutes of acquisition, a much broader model entirely can run into the demand for catastrophe instruction for all ( cited Bhandari, R. K. 2006 ) . Information ( resources ) : There is a demand to incorporate information across many subjects, organisations, and geographical parts. A comprehensive catastrophe direction system must let entree to many different sorts of information at multiple degrees at many points of clip. Disaster information involves more than merely informations and several interconnecting stairss are typically required to bring forth the type of action-oriented merchandises that are needed by the catastrophe direction community ( Venkatachary, K.V. , et al. , 2004 ) . More descriptive, Dengler ( 2005 ) defines the benchmarks that a coastal community should carry through to entree the resilient community position as: understand the tsunami jeopardy, possess the necessary extenuation tools, disseminate information about the tsunami jeopardy, exchange information with other at-risk countries, and commit planning for catastrophe direction. Son, J et Al. ( 2007 ) studied the critical factor in increasing coordination in catastrophe direction is non merely to supply information to first respondents but besides to place and portion the nucleus information. Access to core information could well better response effectivity. Similarly, handiness of nucleus information related to edifices and substructure systems ( such as entree to edifice drawings, handiness of risky stuffs, site taint, current and forecasted work demand, etc. ) could well better effectivity of applied scientists involved in post-disaster harm appraisal. Pena-Mora ( 2005 ) emphasizes that building applied scientists possess valuable information about their undertakings and the information that can be critical in catastrophe readiness every bit good as response and recovery. The information they posses, he argues, may be the difference between life and decease. Similarly, Lloyd Jones ( 2006 ) concluded that hired surveyors, with appropriate preparation, have cardinal functions to play during all catastrophe stages, from readiness to immediate alleviation, traditional recovery, and long-run Reconstruction. Sia, X. , Lia, J. and Wan, Z. ( 2009 ) assert that seasonably and updated information reflecting the newest catastrophe state of affairs is highly of import for effectual exigency response and efficient actions. While important research has been demonstrated on the current research of catastrophe direction, the job of how to offer seasonably, even existent clip informations and information to catastrophe directors and exigency respon dents is still far from solution. Significant information already exists that could be used to this terminal, but there are legion obstructions to accessing this information, and methods for incorporating information from a assortment of beginnings for determination devising are soon unequal. Execution of an improved national or international web for doing better information available in a timelier mode could well better the state of affairs ( National Research Council, 1999 ) . Inappropriate planning: Dennis S. Mileti ( 1999 ) found out that jeopardy losingss, and the fact that at that place seems to be an inability to cut down such losingss, are the effects of narrow and short-sighted development forms, cultural premises, and attitudes toward the natural environment, scientific discipline, and engineering. â€Å" Theoretically, the planning system attempts to apportion appropriate land for appropriate intents while taking history of menaces to that land, the usage of bordering land and the demands of the local population. Realistically, the function of the be aftering system-resolving contradictions and deep-seated struggles between viing private involvements over the usage and development of land, on the one manus, and public and community involvements over belongings rights and development precedences, on the other-is an impossible one â€Å" ( Gillingwater and Ison, 2003, p. 561 ) . One manner in which exigency directors can go more proactive is by following an docket that encourages the integrating of professions from the building industry. There is presently small commentary from exigency direction, building, or civil defense-related literature on the part of the building industry to the extenuation of natural and human-induced jeopardies ( Bosher, L. et al. , 2007 ) . Measures such as the acceptance and enforcement of land-use planning patterns and edifice codifications must be smartly pursued if the tendency of intensifying losingss from natural catastrophes is to be reversed ( National Research Council, 1991 ) . Bosher, L. et al. , ( 2007 ) stress if a resilient and sustainable built environment is to be achieved, exigency direction should be more proactive and receive greater input from the stakeholders responsible for the planning, design, building and operation of the built environment. Legislation and Policies: Spence ( 2004 ) argues that the regulative side of pull offing hazards from natural jeopardies, such as statutory edifice codifications, plants in some fortunes but tends to cut down hazard unevenly. At the same clip, such codifications are hard to use systematically because of their complexness. Nevertheless, statute law is needed to back up proficient programmes, such as beef uping bing edifices against tonss, while insurance strategies have the possible to lend significantly to extenuation attempts. Enterprises from the building industry could concentrate on policy amendments and proficient inventions. Harmonizing to Spence and Kelman ( 2004 ) , protecting edifices from the menace of natural jeopardies ‘is frequently regarded as a comparatively little portion of the undertaking of edifice sustainably, but it is an of import portion and that importance is turning. ‘ National Disaster Management of India ( 2007 ) states that Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) is mandated to develop national codifications and patterns for design and building of lodging and all substructure undertakings. These codes/documents need to be revised at regular intervals based on alteration in jeopardy zonation, constructing public presentation in past catastrophes and results of research undertakings. It was observed that these codifications are non revised sporadically even though BIS is expected to make this one time in every five old ages. State has developed National Building Code ( 2005 ) and hazard specific codifications of patterns and guidelines for about last five decennaries. In malice of handiness of such paperss, enforcement mechanism, pertinence, and execution is found most lacking. Existing Town and Country Planning Acts, Master Plans, Area Development Rules and Building Byelaws and Regulations do non turn to safety demands of build environment. Harmonizing to Government of India ( 2002 ) , the state has integrated administrative machinery for direction of catastrophes at the National, State, District, and Sub-District degrees. At the national degree, the Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal Ministry for coordination of alleviation and response and overall natural catastrophe direction, and the Department of Agriculture A ; Cooperation is the nodal Ministry for drought direction. The basic duty of set abouting deliverance, alleviation, and rehabilitation steps in the event of natural catastrophes, as at nowadays, is that of the State Governments concerned. The Cardinal Government supplements the attempts of the States by supplying fiscal and logistic support. Other Ministries are assigned the duty of supplying exigency support in instance of catastrophes that fall in their horizon. The policy agreements for run intoing relief outgo related to natural catastrophes are, by and big, based on the recommendations of consecutive finance committees. The two chief Windowss soon open for meeting such outgos are the Calamity Relief Fund ( CRF ) and National Calamity Contingency Fund ( NCCF ) . Gupta, K ( n.d. ) high spots India has been following five twelvemonth national programs, although they are non on a rolled footing. The earlier five twelvemonth programs did non advert catastrophe direction. The Tenth Five-Year Plan 2002-2007 for the first clip had a elaborate chapter entitled Disaster Management: The Development Perspective. The program emphasized the fact that development can non be sustainable without extenuation being built into the development procedure. Disaster extenuation and bar were adopted as indispensable constituent of the development scheme. The Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-2012 ( Planing Commission 2008 cited Gupta, K. ( n.d. ) states, â€Å" The development procedure demands to be sensitive towards catastrophe bar, readiness, and extenuation. Disaster direction has hence emerged as a hi gh precedence for the state. Traveling beyond the historical focal point on alleviation and rehabilitation after the event, there is a demand to look in front and program for catastrophe readiness and extenuation in order to guarantee that periodic dazes to our development attempts are minimized. † The Eleventh Five Year Plan aims at consolidating the procedure by giving drift to undertakings and plans that develop and nurture the civilization of safety and the integrating of catastrophe bar and extenuation into the development procedure. Even the best of stray attempts will non bear fruit unless they are portion of an overall, well-considered attack and duties of all stakeholders are clearly spelt out and answerability and sustainability factored in. ( Gupta, K. , n.d. ) Ray-Bennett, N. S. ( 2007 ) highlights the provinces like Orissa and Rajasthan have Relief Codes and Maharashtra has a Disaster Management Plan, developed after the 1991 temblor. Following the Gujarat temblor the province cabinet rapidly passed a province catastrophe direction policy, but this policy is still a treatment papers. Even so, there are concerns that this Gujarat policy papers might miss a comprehensive position of catastrophes per Se. The Orissa Relief Code ( ORC ) is the lone catastrophe policy papers in Orissa that specifies how decision makers identify crisis conditions, how they should react and when they should make so during a natural catastrophe ( Government of Orissa 1996 cited Ray-Bennett, N. S. 2007 ) . Yet the ineffectualness of this ORC was clearly demonstrated during the super-cyclone in 1999. Inadequate executive capacity means that in most underdeveloped states, the bing urban development, and planning ordinances are non enforced ( Ray-Bennett, N. S. 2007 ) . Metri, B. A. 2006 recognizes the other major job is the nature of development and development policies. The existent ground for the implosion therapy in Rajasthan was non the quantum of rainfall but the manner in which civic constructions had come up, go againsting basic Torahs, in the past two decennaries. Experts blamed the inundations on faulty development planning. The statute law should include clear definitions of what constitutes a catastrophe at a national degree. However, there surely is a pressing demand for betterment and strengthening of bing institutional agreements and systems in this respect to do the initial response to a catastrophe more effectual and professional. Decision: Catastrophes are portion of the nature and it is inevitable in our life. Depending on the assorted states and its geographic characteristics runing from stat mis of coastlines, rivers, mountains, and comeuppances ; nature and extent of natural catastrophes may change. From the information, it seems that the frequence and impact of catastrophes is greater in the hapless and developing states. Furthermore, these states are among those which are frequently affected by assorted types of catastrophes. The developing states like India are less able to cover with the causes and impacts of catastrophes. The direction of natural catastrophes involves immense sum of research and anticipation of catastrophes. Disaster anticipation may be based on the past history of catastrophe happening, and country prone to a peculiar natural catastrophe. Disaster direction is a purposeful activity implement to cut down and pull off effects of catastrophe before and after the catastrophe work stoppages. Among all stages of catastrophe direction the stage of recovery, may make the window of chance for the execution of extenuation steps. Assorted extenuation steps can be executed really efficaciously after the catastrophe, as the memories of catastrophe are fresh in people mind, and they are ready to accept the extenuation alterations. But extenuation seems to be really cost effectual stairss in catastrophe direction, as it ever involves Reconstruction and rehabilitation. The most basic and primary measure in alleviation and recovery after catastrophe is to reinstate the supports of the affected people. Planing and better coordination in all alleviation activities are necessary for smooth working and to avoid misinterpretation in affected people. Most of the clip people react after the catastrophe happens, but early consciousness in society might non alter the happening and magnitude of catastrophe, but will assist in extenuating its impact on society and na How to cite Disasters, Essay examples

An Inspector Calls Essay Example For Students

An Inspector Calls Essay Both Mr Birling From An Inspector Calls And Ebeneezer Scrooge From Christmas Carol Are Visited By Outsiders. Compare And Contrast The Two Characters And How They Are Influenced By The Outsiders.  An Inspector Calls is a play written by J.B Preistly in year 1908. An Inspector Calls and Christmas Carol have a main theme to them, which is about holism and individualism but we see how two similar characters dealing with these issues. The author is showing how wealthy rich business owners deal with social considerations and responsibility also. Charles Dickens writes the Christmas Carol. The play concentrates on responsibility and social considerations and also four outsiders visit the character in Christmas Carol. Mr Birling is the one of the main characters out of six in An Inspector Calls. Mr Birling is a wealthy business owner who we see fails to deal with responsibility and social considerations. In Christmas Carol Ebeneezer Scrooge is main character, he also owns a business. Scrooge also shows how he succeeds to deal with responsibility and social considerations. An outsider called Inspector Goole visits Mr Birling. Scrooge is visited by four outsiders they are; his late business partner and best friend Jacob Marley and the ghosts of past, present and future. Outsiders means ghost or sprit all, the outsiders that visit Mr Birling and Scrooge are sprits or ghosts. Inspector Gooles name is a pun on ghoul meaning sprit or ghost. The outsiders visit these characters due to lack of responsibility they show as businessmen and how they treat their employees. Also what their social considerations however these characters are individualist they think for them self not for anyone else. The Outsiders visit Mr Birling and Scrooge to preach holism. Conversely Mr Birling and Scrooge are similar, they both own business and their responsibility, which is to care for his employee not be individualist and to be holist which to think for everyone. But Mr Birling and Scrooge do not take care of their employees, as they are individualists. Mr Birling sacked his employee Eva Smith because she wanted only a couple of more shillings nothing more. Mr Birling sad that if he gave Eva Smith the increase in wages. Mr Birling considers his business first then his employees and him self-first as well. Mr Birling is greedy:  Well, its my duty to keep labour costs down, and if Id agreed to this demand fro a new rate wed have added about twelve per cent to out labour costs. This quote shows he is bothered about his labour costs, he does not want high labour cost then he will not make any profits for himself and also he self important he does not care if his employees cannot cope with their wages he does not show responsibility for his workers.  Scrooge does not let his clerk Bob Cratchet have Christmas off he says it is a way off picking a poor persons pocket on Christmas day, but in the end he lets him have Christams off but he can not have following day off:   A poor excuse picking a mans pocket every twenty-fifth of December. However Scrooge is moaning to Bob that he pays him for nothing because he doesnt do any work:   You dont think me ill-used when I pay a days wages for no work.  Both of the characters are tight fisted, they are very selfish because they do not let their workers have a pay increase. Both characters do not let their workers wages go up. Mr Birling sacked five ringleaders because of this. One of those ringleaders was Eva Smith, this was one of the first chain of events, which lead to her death. Mr Birling is not responsible because he does not care for his workers or their lives. All he wants is his knighthood: Shakespeare's Presentation of Isabella in Act 5 of the Play EssayImplying that he only enjoys them without the company of the misses and after meals. As we carry on, we see how Mr Birling stereotypes women and he says that there all the same as when they are out the room Eric says he left them in the drawing-room talking about cloths which he then carries on to say there all made over cloths and doesnt understand it, Mr Birling telling him that he must understand that women cloths are basically all they have to enjoy as there husbands are always working. Birling does not seem to like women very much, specially lower class women, as he describes Eva Smith wretched girls this showing that the men are not really meant to care even though the woman has just died because as long as he had no undertake in it, everything all right. When Gerald has admitted to having had an affair we see how Birling implies its a common thing Now, Sheila, Im not defending him. But you must understand that a lot of men- this tells us that the respect he has for women is not very high because if he can say that affairs are common within a man marriage, how must it be for the women. That quote also implies that he may have also had an affair in the past. Towards the end we see that instead of the men and women going against each other its the other way round, except its the older generation against the young, which is Mr Birling Mrs Birling, and Sheila and Eric teaming up.  The play finishes with the whole thing about the inspector being a hoax and then it really happens in reality, as if the past was being replayed. Throughout the play we mostly see the men doing the bad thing and the women covering up for them.

a bill essays

a bill essays Representative introduces the following bill, which was referred to the committee on January tenth twenty thousand and one. Section One: Cigarettes are killing the uneducated youth. This bill is targeted towards the youth and protecting them against making the terrible decision to smoke. This bill will change the amount of smokers because the bill is going to make cigarettes less a part of society and make them less desired. Section Two: Every year cigarettes kill more Americans than were killed in World War 1, the Korean War, and Vietnam combined: Nearly as many as died in battle in World War 2. Each Year cigarettes kill five times more Americans than Traffic accidents. Lung cancer alone kills as many as die on the road. The cigarette industry is peddling a deadly weapon. It is dealing in peoples lives for financial gain. (Federal Drug Administration) The cigarette companies are deal ling the lives of lived ones for financial gain. The Tobacco industry doesnt just want your money it wants you life. The more death is has to announce is another way the cigarette word gets around. The cigarette company is ruthless when it comes to the lives, the more smokers, the more money. The youth replace the 1,200 people that die each day from smoking. Each day more than 3,000 young people become regular smokers- more than one million new smokers each year, 90 percent, which are going to be children. (Teen Smoking. Ayer, Eleanor H. 1999) The Federal drug Administration has proved the harmful life long effects of smoking and yet the educated youth still continue to smoke. The cigarette companies need 1,200 smokers to replace the others that die each day. The youth is they. Smoking ads are put up mostly promote smoking in people 21 and younger they portray an image that are easily involuntarily picked up by children. The ads promise glamour, sexual attraction, athletic prowess, success, in...

History of the Gatling Gun and Dr. Richard Gatling

History of the Gatling Gun and Dr. Richard Gatling In 1861, Doctor Richard Gatling patented the Gatling Gun, a six-barreled weapon capable of firing a (then) phenomenal 200 rounds per minute. The Gatling gun was a hand-driven, crank-operated, multi-barrel, machine gun. The first machine gun with reliable loading, the Gatling gun had the ability to fire sustained multiple bursts. Inventing the Gatling Gun Richard Gatling created his gun during the American Civil War, he sincerely believed that his invention would bring an end to  war by making it unthinkable to use due to the horrific carnage possible by his weapons. At the least, the Gatling guns power would reduce the number of soldiers required to remain on the battlefield. The 1862 version of the Gatling gun had reloadable steel chambers and used percussion caps. It was prone to occasional jamming. In 1867, Gatling redesigned the Gatling gun again to use metallic cartridges; this version was bought and used by the United States Army. Life of Richard Gatling Born September 12, 1818, in Hertford County, North Carolina, Richard Gatling was the son of planter and inventor, Jordan Gatling, who held two patents of his own. Besides the Gatling gun, Richard Gatling also patented a seed-sowing rice planter in 1839 that was later adapted into a successful wheat drill. In 1870, Richard Gatling and his family moved to Hartford, Connecticut, home of the Colt Armory where the Gatling gun was being manufactured.

Michigan state university Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Michigan state university - Personal Statement Example Having been very much interested in contributing to the financial improvement in a business organization, I will continue to major in accounting. My passion in this field can be attributed to my exposure in our family business. More than any functional area, I believe that finance should never be overlooked because one of the major goals of ever company is profit maximization and creation of shareholder wealth. Through acquiring knowledge and skills in accounting, I know that I will be adept not just in reporting financial transaction but also in analyzing financial information and prescribing strategies. Having two uncles who both excelled in Michigan University, I am also determined to finish my degree in this respectable institution. Noting how MSU molds well-rounded individuals who do not only stand-out academically but displays a strong sense of moral and social excellence, I seek to be a part of MSU with the belief that it will provide me with the best venue for growth and development. For me, there is nothing more important for a person but be the best that he can ever be because it is his utmost gift for himself and the society which nurtures him. I know that transferring to a new university in a foreign land will be a challenge for me.

Law of Rape- Problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Law of Rape- Problem question - Essay Example 1). The important factors to look for in Alice’s case are signs of both obvious and discreet objections to Ben’s sexual advances. There are no obvious verbal or nonverbal cues from Alice before or during sexual intercourse with Ben. She did not tell him â€Å"no,† and he did not threaten her in any way. Alice was not intoxicated, and there were no indications that she was drugged either. The keyword in every rape situation or incident is consent. The law is very clear on accounts of non-consensual rape, but if consent is initially given, is it still considered rape? Should it still be tried in court? CPS (Crown Prosecution Service) applies the word â€Å"effective† to consent. They explain, â€Å"The law does not allow a person’s consent to sexual activity to have effect in the following situations: where the person giving consent did not understand what was happening and so could not give informed consent, and where the person giving consent was u nder the relevant age of consent† (Sexual Offences- Rape, 2010). These two forms of consent are opposites of one another due to the fact that the letter would not hold up in court but the initial one would because of the lack of understanding. Alice is presumably of age. The issue that comes to light is whether or not Alice was understanding of her situation. Now, she is not mentally handicapped or incoherent by drugs or alcohol, but she was misled by Ben into believing engaging in sexual intercourse with him would in turn give her love, companionship and financial stability. The question remains about whether or not Ben is guilty of rape under the present law. In a court of law, it is unlikely that Alice would have a solid case against Ben because consent was given and there is not a clear establishment of understanding in regards to how â€Å"understanding† is defined in law. Although, that does not mean Ben is innocent, the fact remains that Alice was not affected by outside substances or health, which would be concrete evidence to support Ben’s side of the case. Looking at the accused offender, Ben, his bodily actions fail to reveal any harmful intent. Physically, Ben did not coerce Alice by means of force of threat. The disputable wrongdoing he committed was verbal manipulation. The court could argue that Alice consented to sexual intercourse with Ben based on her personal expectations of him. She was willing because he met her requirements for a mate, and at any time she could have resisted his advances. Alice could have been eager to receive a lover and that overrode her ability to spot the red flag Ben presented when he promised marriage to her so soon after they met. Some may even go so far to say that Alice wanted a wealthy companion so much she willingly fell for Ben’s deception. The idea of willingness is another dubious term that arises in court in reference to rape cases. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines willingne ss as â€Å"cheerful readiness to do something† (2011). Alice could be seen as happily engaging in sexual intercourse based on the cheerful prospect of marriage and love. If that is the case, Ben would have a stronger case in his defense against her in court. Too much evidence points to Alice consenting to him, especially because consent was given prior to, and during the actual act. No signs point to Alice

Responses to DQ1Selling ReceivableDW and DQ2 Use of Depreciation CH Essay

Responses to DQ1Selling ReceivableDW and DQ2 Use of Depreciation CH - Essay Example The mechanism of factoring is a good way for companies to improve their liquidity and cash position. DQ2 Your premise that depreciation is a technique that is used to devalue an asset instead of being a method for asset valuation is completely correct. When I first read the message of the president of Keene Company I thought, â€Å"Where did this guy go to business school†. The premise the person stated is illogical. The person is mixing accounting concepts. Depreciation only has one purpose which is to devalue an asset through the passage of time. As you stated in your response book value and market values are different. There are different methods of depreciation that can be used by an accountant. Four depreciation methods are declining balance, sum of year digits, straight line, and the modified accelerated cost recovery system (MACRS) (Fixedassetssoftware, 2011). The MACRS method is an accelerated depreciation method that is used of assets that lose value fast such as comp uters. References Besley, S., Brigham, E. (2000). Essentials of Managerial Finance (12th ed.). Fort Worth: The Dryden Press. Fixedassetssoftware.com (2011). Depreciation Methods. Paragon Systems.

An Analysis Of A Mergers Profitability

An Analysis Of A Mergers Profitability Abstract Introduction In the last few years we have observed a revived surge in the number of mergers. They are more often observed in countries with better accounting standards. Companies undergo mergers for a number of reasons. The primary reason is the proper allocation of resources and thus, increasing cost efficiency. A small amount of research has been done in the past years analyzing the short and long term effects of mergers in creating value for the companies. It has been seen that most mergers result in failures but not much research has been done in analyzing the reasons behind it. My research would be based on few of the biggest mergers that have taken place in the last few years. Firstly, my analysis of a mergers profitability would be based on standard event study methodology. It would take into account the return to shareholders. Secondly, it would also aim to provide evidence regarding the signalling theory and the synergistic and the agency views. This would be based on an in-depth analys is of various determinants such as the excess returns around the announcement of the merger bid and around the termination of the merger and the significant differences in the responses of firms attempting focusing versus diversifying mergers respectively. Lastly, this would be followed by a thorough analysis of the valuation effects of mergers. There have been varied views but no one conclusion has been reached. I would thus, like to investigate deeper into it 2. Literature Review and Hypotheses Analysis revealed My research concentrates on the effects of a focusing and diversifying merger on the abnormal returns around the announcement period of the merger. The study by Delong (1999) can be seen as an extension to my research. He based his research on evaluating the stock pricing behaviour of the bidder and the target in bank mergers. He further studied the abnormal returns according to the nature of the merger i.e. focusing or diversifying. In my analysis, I take into account only activity focused mergers, whereas Delong (1999) considers mergers which focus on both activity and geography. His results show an enhancement in value of a focusing firm of about 2 % to 3 % as compared to a diversifying firm irrespective of the time period. On investigating further, he found that the relative market size of the target to the bidder and the pre-merger performance of the targets show an apparent relationship with the cumulative abnormal returns so calculated. Wong and Cheung (2009) analyse the changes in the stock prices of the bidding and target firms in Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea and Japan, following a merger or an acquisition announcement. It can be seen from their analysis that such an announcement yields positive results for the bidding firms but does not prove to be very beneficial for the target firms. Their hypotheses considered the consequences of the mode of payment, the type of acquisition and the type of the target firm on the stock pricing. Out of them only the second variable seems to have a direct effect on the post announcement returns of the bidding firm. Huang and Walkling (1987) conducted similar research by extracting a sample of acquisitions from the Wall Street Journal which consisted of all initial front-page acquisition announcements. But this, took into account slightly different variables as compared to the other analyses discussed above. They determined the effect of tender offers vs. mergers; cash offers vs stock offers and resisted offers vs. unresisted offers. Their analysis revealed higher abnormal returns for tender offers which were quite insignificant once the effect of the extent of resistance and the payment type were isolated from it. The deals which faced resistance during a merger or tender offer showed higher abnormal returns irrespective to the mode of payment. All the results obtained above were either insignificant or marginally significant, but the effects of the third variable i.e. the form of payment showed some concrete results. The cumulative abnormal returns obtained from cash offers were radically high er than those obtained from stock offer. This research carried out by Huang and Walkling gave quite a holistic overview of the effect of the announcement of an acquisition, as it took into consideration, variables which are affected by both the bidding and target firms decisions. All the literature discussed earlier in this paper, has illustrated some positive effects of an acquisition for both the bidders and the target firms. But, the analysis conducted by Bruner (2001) showed a little variation to the above. It suggested that only the target shareholders draw upon the benefits of the acquisition. No such profitable return is observed for the bidding firms. But, the combined returns of the bidder and the target yield positive results. The approach followed by Bruner differs significantly from most of the research discussed earlier. He measures the performance of a merger and acquisition based on the investors required returns. After observing the abnormal returns of the acquirer around the announcement date of the merger as per my research, the most obvious next step would be to analyse the long term effects of the merger. Various studies have been done in order to rightfully determine the outcome .The study by Asquith (1983) showed drastic negative returns after about three years of the merger. One of the best analyses that I found was by Agrawal, Jaffe and Mandelkar (1992) in their paper ‘The Post-Merger Performance of Acquiring Firms: A Re-examination of an Anomaly. Their results are based on a thorough analysis of a number of mergers that took place from 1955 to 1987. They explored the effect of the size of the firm and its beta risk, and found a loss of 10 % in the total wealth of the acquiring firm, five years after the merger was completed. An attempt was also made to find the additional NPV which is not captured by the announcement returns analysis. But, it was seen that the modification of t he market was similar for both the announcement and post merger analyses. Cole et al (2006) Investigate a number of unsuccessful mergers in order to determine if they create or destroy value for acquirers by using mainly two approaches. Their signalling approaches show that the value of the bidding firm is reduced by a large margin in the market, which is a form of a punishment for considering the acquisition of a low NPV project. They also find that horizontal mergers yield negative CAR. Hypothesis 1: The average abnormal returns (AAR) yield positive results for all sub-periods in the event Hypothesis 2: The Cumulative average abnormal returns (CAAR) yield positive results for all sub-periods in the event. Hypothesis 3: The type of acquisition, kind of acquisition, the mode of payment and the type of target firms affects the value of the cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) around the announcement day t=0 in the event. Take into account focusing and diversifying 3. Methodology We begin by classifying the effective sample into two categories – Focusing and Diversifying. The classification approach has been adopted by Mann and Sicherman (1991).This can be done by comparing the two-digit SIC Codes of the acquirer and the target firm respectively. If both the firms involved in a deal have the same two-digit SIC Code, it can be classified as a focusing acquisition, whereas, if both firms have different codes, it is classified as a diversifying acquisition. Now we progress towards analysing the cumulative value created by a focusing and diversifying acquisition around the announcement date, using a standard event-study methodology described by MacKinlay (1997), Huang and Walkling (1987) and Wong and Cheung (2009). The Market Return Model is used in this case, to calculate the abnormal returns of the sample using a linear relationship between stock returns and market return. Rit = ÃŽ ±i + ÃŽ ²iRmt + ÃŽ µit (1) E (ÃŽ µit = 0) var (ÃŽ µit) = ÏÆ'ÃŽ µt2 Where: Rit : Return on security i on day t Rmt : Return on market portfolio on day t ÃŽ µit : Zero mean disturbance term ÃŽ ±i, : expected value of the difference between Ri and ÃŽ ²iRmt ÃŽ ²i : covariance between Rit and Rmt divided by the variance of Rmt ÏÆ'ÃŽ µt2 : variance of the error term We use the market model instead of the constant mean return model as it gives us a more accurate judgement of the effect of the event. This is true as it does not take into account the variation of the market return , thus, giving us more accurate abnormal returns. ( if any words remain add how to calculate rit and rmt) In order to calculate the abnormal returns, we use the market model parameter estimates. ^ ^ ARit = Rit – (ÃŽ ±i + ÃŽ ²iRmt) (2) Where: ARit : the abnormal return for security i on day t ^ ^ ÃŽ ±i and ÃŽ ²i : estimates of ÃŽ ±i and ÃŽ ²i In order to calculate the abnormal returns we use a maximum of 351 daily observations (Huang and Walkling, 1987). We start collecting data from t -300 to t +50 days, with t = 0 being the announcement date of the acquisition. These 351 days include non-trading days as well. In other words, we actually gather data from t -214 to t +36, taking only trading days into account. We use different time periods of an event for a complete comparative analysis of abnormal returns in each sub period which is described as below: Event period : day t -10 → day t +30 (41 days) Pre-announcement period : day t -10 → day t -2 ( 9 days) Announcement period : day t -1 → day t 0 ( 2 days) Post Announcement Period : day t +1 → day t +30 (30 days) diagram To analyse the effect of the event , we now calculate the average abnormal return (AAR) for all the securities for a time period t. AAR is the sum of all abnormal returns of firms on day t divided by N( the number of firms): (3) The t statistic, à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, is calculated by dividing AARt by the standard deviation of the average abnormal returns. This is final step of the model, which helps in determining the significance of the AARt in the event period. (4) While calculating the standard error, an estimator is used to calculate the variance of the abnormal returns in the absence of but in this case we use the sample variance measure of that we derive from the market model regression. The estimator is as follows: In order to establish a more holistic viewpoint, the cumulative average abnormal returns (CAAR) are calculated: Where T1 to T2 is the duration of the event in which the AARt is collected. According to our hypotheses we have to calculate one more variable, the cumulative average abnormal return (CAAR) over a certain period. In order to find out the significance of CAAR we calculate its t statistic as follows: Where var(CAAR) is the variance of the cumulative average abnormal returns. We could use a variety of formulas to calculate the standard deviation and t statistic such as those described in Campbell, Lo and MacKinlay (1997) and Brown and Warner (1985). But we calculate using the method adopted by Kothari and Warner (1985): Where: : Variance of the average abnormal return for one period. L : Longer the L, the higher is the variance of CAAR To test the third hypothesis, another variable is taken into consideration the Cumulative abnormal returns (CAR). We now develop a regression model using dummy variables to test the effect of the type of acquisition, kind of acquisition, the type of the target firm and the mode of payment on the CAR of the acquirers. The control variables are the relative market size of the market value of the target to acquirer (RMV) and the market size of the acquiring firm (M) (Wong and Cheung, 2009). Where: : Cumulative abnormal return from day d1 → day d2 D1 : 1 if the type is acquisition D1 : 0 otherwise i.e. merger D2 : 1 if it is focusing D2 : 0 otherwise i.e. diversifying D3 : 1 if target firm is private D3 : 0 otherwise i.e. public D4 : 1 if mode of payment is cash D4 : 0 otherwise i.e. stock M : Market Value of the acquiring firm=Number of outstanding share *closing price on the announcement date The tests of hypotheses 1, 2 and 3 can be described as the following tests: H1 : H0 : AARt = 0 H1: AARt ≠  0 H2 : H0 : CAARt = 0 H1: CAARt ≠  0 H3 : H3i :ÃŽ ²1 = 0 (Acquisitions vs. Mergers) H3ii :ÃŽ ²2 = 0 (Focusing vs. Diversifying) H3iii :ÃŽ ²3 = 0 (Public vs. Private target firms) H3iv :ÃŽ ²4 = 0 (Cash offer vs. Share offer) 4. Data Description The number of mergers and acquisitions carried out in India has been quite extensive. Hence, certain criterion has been used to select a suitable sample. The deals carried out with Morgan Stanley, JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs, UBS, Deustche Bank and Citi as their financial advisors should be included. These banks have been chosen as they deal with high valued mergers which are perfect for highlighting the true effects of a focusing or diversifying merger. All deals should have been completed from January, 2003 to March, 2010. The sample consists of only 178 completed transactions. All the acquirer firms must be publicly listed in the Bombay Stock Exchange. The SIC Codes for the target and acquirer should be available in the CRSP Database. This helps in dividing the sample into focusing and diversifying mergers. Because of these restrictions, the sample reduces to 70 firms, three of which have some information missing regarding the stock returns etc and hence our effective sample is 67. It has been further classified into 44 focusing and 23 diversifying deals. Using only publicly listed firms enables us to extract information about these deals such as – announcement dates, termination dates, stock returns, market returns etc. from the Thomson One database, company websites and the Bombay Stock Exchange. The Bombay Stock Exchange Sensitivity Index or the BSE Sensex (30) has been used to gather the market returns of the firms.